0705.1587/qchem20.tex: molecules by means of atoms in molecules {(AIM)} and electron localization 0708.0511/Q_N_form.tex: History of Modern Physics and Astronomy, vol.~13, American Institute of 0708.0511/Q_N_form.tex: Physics and Astronomy, vol.~13, American Institute of Physics, New York, 0708.0511/Q_N_form.tex: Physics and Astronomy, vol.~13, American Institute of Physics, New York, 0710.3392/nc-bv23.tex:fellowship, and an AIM fellowship. 0711.4278/Thompson_David_1.tex:%% (C) 1998,2000,2001 American Institute of Physics and Frank Mittelbach 0711.4314/DP07.tex:the American Institute of Mathematics in Palo Alto, 0803.0425/pcxip7e.tex: \address{American Institute of Mathematics, 360 Portage Avenue, Palo Alto, 0803.0425/pcxip7e.tex:the American Institute of Mathematics and the NSF Focused Research 0803.3592/zetaof2poly4f.tex:American Institute of Mathematics and 0805.2745/fsz10.tex:Science Foundation and the American Institute of Mathematics (AIM)} \and 0805.2745/fsz10.tex:Science Foundation and the American Institute of Mathematics (AIM)} \and 0805.3051/fhi-arXiv.tex:à l'American Institute of Mathematics --~Palo Alto, USA~-- à l'automne 2000 et 0809.0300/dime16.tex:at the AIM workshop ``Buildings and Combinatorial Representation 0809.0300/dime16.tex:Theory'' in 2007 and we are grateful to AIM for this opportunity. 0809.1257/gre_DGWY_arx.tex:finalized during an AIM Workshop. The authors greatfully acknowledge 0809.1257/gre_DGWY_arx.tex:the Banff International Research Station and the American Institute of 0810.1042/second.tex: journal={ESAIM Control Optim. Calc. Var.}, 0811.3660/U1consumption.tex: AIP Conference Proceedings 505, American Institute of Physics, New York, 0811.3660/U1consumption.tex:%% (C) 1998,2000,2001 American Institute of Physics and Frank Mittelbach 0812.0870/minrank-table.tex: Ames, IA 50011, USA (lhogben@iastate.edu) and American Institute 0812.0870/minrank-table.tex: \bibitem{AIMweb} Webpage for the 2006 American Institute of 0812.0870/minrank-table.tex: webpage has links to the AIM minimum rank graph catalog: Families 0901.2075/sn05cs_paperII_pastorello_astroph.tex:$^{21}$ CEA Sacly, DSM/IRFU/SAp, AIM -- Unit\'e\ Mixte de Recherche CEA -- CNRS -- Universit\'e\ Paris Diderot -- 0901.4726/ak.tex:\emph{ESAIM Control Optim. Calc. Var.}, to appear; 0903.3591/MV-IHES.tex:\begin{acknowledgement} The present work started during a visit of the first author at the Courant Institute (New York) and ended basically during the workshop ``Analytic Theory of GL(3) Automorphic Forms and Applications'' at the AIM (Palo Alto); parts of it were written during visits at the RIMS, at the IHES and at Caltech for the first author and visits at the IAS and the IHES for the second. 0908.1103/aap679.tex:%equilibrium states $m(\beta_n, K_n)$ goes to zero. THE CLAIM IN THE 0908.3349/NSE_concentration_compactness_revised.tex:\newblock {\em ESAIM Control Optim. Calc. Var.}, 3:213--233 (electronic), 1998. 0909.4884/subharm.tex:findings of the AIM workshop in 2006 on free analysis. 0909.4884/subharm.tex:of American Institute of Mathematics, in particular it gives the 0910.2752/paper20.tex:\address{American Institute of Mathematics, Palo Alto, CA} 0911.0918/BDM_final.tex:Finally, we thank AIM for sponsoring the January 2008 workshop that inspired the results of this paper.} 0911.0918/BDM_final.tex:The motivation for Theorem \ref{MainTheorem} came from a topic of discussion at the AIM workshop ``The uniform boundedness conjecture in arithmetic dynamics'' in Palo Alto in January 2008. 0911.2871/goesmiller_aveBSD70.tex:M. P. Young, \emph{Basics of elliptic curves}, talk at the American Institute of Mathematics, 0912.1916/lensfill.tex:\address{American Institute of Mathematics, Palo Alto, CA 94306} 1001.2955/QSD_thirddraft.tex:The author would like to thank Ingrid Daubechies, Sinan Gunturk, and Felix Krahmer for invaluable discussions on this topic. She is grateful to the American Institute of Mathematics for holding the conference, ``Frames for the finite world: Sampling, coding, and quantization," where this project originated. 1002.0372/zetaprime.tex: American Institute of Mathematics } 1002.0372/zetaprime.tex:American Institute of Mathematics and the National Science Foundation} 1002.1616/gapandderiv3f.tex:American Institute of Mathematics, and the National Science Foundation. 1002.1616/gapandderiv3f.tex:American Institute of Mathematics\endgraf 1003.2028/Zero_params_arxiv.tex: \and Leslie Hogben\thanks{Department of Mathematics, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA (lhogben@iastate.edu) and American Institute of Mathematics, 360 Portage Ave, 1003.2028/Zero_params_arxiv.tex:\bibitem{AIMgroup} AIM Minimum Rank -- Special Graphs Work Group (F. Barioli, W. Barrett, 1003.2028/Zero_params_arxiv.tex:\thanks{Part of this research was done at the American Institute of Mathematics SQuaRE,``Minimum Rank of Symmetric Matrices described by a Graph," and the authors thank AIM and NSF for their support.}} 1003.2028/Zero_params_arxiv.tex:\thanks{Part of this research was done at the American Institute of Mathematics SQuaRE,``Minimum Rank of Symmetric Matrices described by a Graph," and the authors thank AIM and NSF for their support.}} 1004.0046/hodge12.tex:Grants 0554280 and 0602333. We appreciate the hospitality of the American Institute of 1004.3550/Kloosterman.tex: thank the American Institute of Mathematics (AIM) for hosting us for a week as part of the NSF-funded (DMS-0901523) 1004.3550/Kloosterman.tex: thank the American Institute of Mathematics (AIM) for hosting us for a week as part of the NSF-funded (DMS-0901523) 1004.3762/blowdowns.tex:\affiliationthree{Jeremy Van Horn-Morris \\American Institute of Mathematics\\ 1004.4886/paper-final.tex:We thank Drexel University and the American Institute for Mathematics (AIM) for hosting two 1004.4886/paper-final.tex:We thank Drexel University and the American Institute for Mathematics (AIM) for hosting two 1005.1978/Cables-2011-8-11.tex:\address{American Institute of Mathematics, 360 Portage Ave 1008.1773/text2.tex:at the AIM workshop ``Buildings and Combinatorial Representation 1008.1773/text2.tex:Theory'' in 2007 and we are grateful to AIM for this opportunity. 1010.5167/Borcea-conj-12-24.tex:American Institute of Mathematics, Palo Alto. D. Khavinson, M. Putinar and E. Saff also gratefully acknowledge the 1010.5167/Borcea-conj-12-24.tex:and by the American Institute of Mathematics in Palo Alto). Without aiming at completeness, the following pages offer a glimpse at 1011.1285/hodge-hilb14.tex:Grants 0554280 and 0602333. We appreciate the hospitality of the American Institute of 1011.1307/degree_ten_pac_j_final.tex:%American Institute of Mathematics 1011.1307/degree_ten_pac_j_final.tex:American Institute of Mathematics\endgraf 1011.1602/top-ehrhart.tex:American Institute of Mathematics, Palo Alto, in July 2009 and 1011.6107/qchs9.tex:%% (C) 1998,2000,2001 American Institute of Physics and Frank Mittelbach 1012.4818/outliers.tex:This work was conducted during a workshop at the American Institute of Mathematics. We thank Larry Abbott for raising these questions. After posing this question at the workshop, Alice Guionnet provided the key insight, namely to reduce matters to studying coefficients of the resolvent of $\frac{1}{\sqrt{n}} X_n$, while Percy Deift emphasised the significance of the identity \eqref{det-ident} to questions of this type (and indeed, this identity is crucial in order to efficiently handle the higher rank case $k > 1$). The author also thanks Sasha Soshnikov and Phillip Wood for useful discussions, Florent Benaych-Georges, Djalil Chafai and Raj Rao for references, and Phillip Wood for corrections. We are also indebted to Phillip Wood for supplying the figures for this paper. Finally, we thank the anonymous referees for many helpful comments, corrections, and references. 1101.5783/aos1049.tex:\bjournal{ESAIM Probab. Stat.} 1102.5142/FHmrsurvey2010-final.tex:AIM workshop. Although still unproved, progress has been made on GCC, 1102.5142/FHmrsurvey2010-final.tex:AIM Workshop on Spectra of Families of Matrices Described by Graphs, 1102.5142/FHmrsurvey2010-final.tex:also discussed at the AIM workshop (and a stronger 1102.5142/FHmrsurvey2010-final.tex:Ames, IA 50011, USA (lhogben@iastate.edu) and American Institute of 1102.5142/FHmrsurvey2010-final.tex:% and linked to the AIM workshop website \cite{AIMweb}. 1102.5142/FHmrsurvey2010-final.tex:% and linked to the AIM workshop website \cite{AIMweb}. 1102.5142/FHmrsurvey2010-final.tex:Another interesting conjecture that arose from the 2006 AIM workshop has 1102.5142/FHmrsurvey2010-final.tex:at the AIM workshop in 2006 an interesting 1102.5142/FHmrsurvey2010-final.tex:\bibitem{AIM06} American Institute of Mathematics workshop, 1102.5142/FHmrsurvey2010-final.tex:\bibitem{AIM} AIM Minimum Rank -- Special Graphs Work Group 1102.5142/FHmrsurvey2010-final.tex:\bibitem{AIMcat} AIM Minimum Rank Graph Catalog. 1102.5142/FHmrsurvey2010-final.tex:terminology was developed at the AIM workshop \cite{AIM06}, has played 1102.5142/FHmrsurvey2010-final.tex:the 2006 AIM workshop that featured graphs and minimum rank, there 1102.5142/FHmrsurvey2010-final.tex: used to show that a number of graphs in the the AIM Minimum 1105.1492/Iteration_Index_CDKY.tex:\bibitem{AIM} AIM Minimum Rank - Special Graphs Work Group (F. Barioli, 1106.4403/booleanforcing011211.tex:American Institute of Mathematics, 360 Portage Ave, Palo Alto, CA 94306, USA} 1106.4403/booleanforcing011211.tex:\bibitem {min}American Institute of Mathematics (AIM) Minimum Rank-Special 1106.4403/booleanforcing011211.tex:\bibitem {min}American Institute of Mathematics (AIM) Minimum Rank-Special 1106.4403/booleanforcing011211.tex:Graphs Work Group, AIM Minimum Rank -- Special Graphs Work Group (F. Barioli, 1107.3308/final.tex:\noindent {\bf Acknowledgments.} We thank the American Institute of 1108.1165/local_ns.tex:Sobolev}, ESAIM Contr\^ ole Optimal et Calcul des Variations, \textbf{3} (1998), 213-–233. 1108.2936/annular-eff-latest_submit.tex:(AIM), and and The Visiting Research Scholar Program at University 1108.2936/annular-eff-latest_submit.tex:The Grayce B. Kerr Foundation, The American Institute of Mathematics 1110.0577/thfac-xxx.tex: American Institute of Mathematics\\ 1110.4865/Rwre_stratified_orientations_v2.tex:{\em Transient random walk in $Z^2$ with stationary orientations}. ESAIM Probab. Stat. (2009), Vol 13, 417-436. 1111.1475/ZFQC.tex:\author{Daniel Burgarth\thanks{Institute of Mathematics and Physics, Aberystwyth University, SY23 3BZ Aberystwyth, United Kingdom; \texttt{daniel@burgarth.de}.}\and Domenico D'Alessandro\thanks{Department of Mathematics, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; \texttt{dmdaless@gmail.com}.} \and Leslie Hogben\thanks{Department of Mathematics, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA, and American Institute of Mathematics, 360 Portage Ave, Palo Alto, CA 94306, USA; \texttt{lhogben@iastate.edu; hogben@aimath.org}.} \and Simone Severini\thanks{Department of Computer Science, and Department of Physics \& Astronomy, 1111.1475/ZFQC.tex:\bibitem{AIM} AIM Minimum Rank -- Special Graphs Work Group 1111.3486/bej549.tex:\bjournal{ESAIM Probab. Statist.} 1111.4783/e-p-mmm_arXiv.tex:\bibitem{Gray1972} D. E. Gray, ed., \emph{American Institute of Physics Handbook}, 3rd ed. (McGraw-Hill, 1972). 1112.1503/rankbound.tex:by the American Institute of Mathematics. 1112.3848/SOSQCD13.tex:\affiliation[a]{American Institute of Mathematics, \\ 1112.3848/SOSQCD13.tex:%$^\sharp$ & American Institute of Mathematics, \\ 1201.2322/periodpoly11e.tex:American Institute of Mathematics 1201.2322/periodpoly11e.tex:American Institute of Mathematics\endgraf 1203.6472/pdf_rosette_13032012_let.tex: IRFU/SAp CEA/DSM, Laboratoire AIM CNRS - Universit\'e Paris 1203.6667/Submit.tex: Valentin Blomer for many discussions, comments and suggestions regarding this work. Thanks also to Steve J. Miller and Matt Young for comments on an earlier draft. Much of this work was carried out during the 2009-2010 special year in analytic number theory at IAS, and it is a pleasure for the authors to acknowledge the fantastic working conditions. This work has its roots dating back to the AIM workshop ``Analytic theory of GL(3) automorphic forms and applications'' in November 2008, and we also thank the organizers of this meeting. 1204.1760/newpark.tex:%Vic AIM Revision--reworded the following sentence as requested by referee 1205.2525/SobolevExtension.tex:We are grateful to B. Klartag and A. Naor for introducing us to the idea of sparsification, and for several lively discussions. We are grateful also to the NSF, the ONR, and the American Institute of Math (AIM) for generous support. Key ideas arose during fruitful workshops held at AIM and at the College of William and Mary. We are grateful to P. Shvartsman and Nahum Zobin for lively discussions. 1205.2525/SobolevExtension.tex:We are grateful to B. Klartag and A. Naor for introducing us to the idea of sparsification, and for several lively discussions. We are grateful also to the NSF, the ONR, and the American Institute of Math (AIM) for generous support. Key ideas arose during fruitful workshops held at AIM and at the College of William and Mary. We are grateful to P. Shvartsman and Nahum Zobin for lively discussions. 1205.2525/SobolevExtension.tex:We are grateful to B. Klartag and A. Naor for introducing us to the idea of sparsification, and for several lively discussions. We are grateful also to the NSF, the ONR, and the American Institute of Math (AIM) for generous support. Key ideas arose during fruitful workshops held at AIM and at the College of William and Mary. We are grateful to P. Shvartsman and Nahum Zobin for lively discussions. 1205.3207/dihedral_symmetric_spaces.tex:The authors thank the American Institute of Mathematics in Palo Alto, 1206.0247/AGHL1_5.tex:The authors would like to thank Bj{\o}rn Dundas and Lars Hesseholt for several helpful conversations regarding this project, and the referee for careful reading of the manuscript and for a greatly tightened Lemma~\ref{lem:Euclid}. The authors would also like to thank the American Institute of Mathematics (AIM). Some of this work was done during a visit to AIM under the SQuaREs program. 1206.0247/AGHL1_5.tex:The authors would like to thank Bj{\o}rn Dundas and Lars Hesseholt for several helpful conversations regarding this project, and the referee for careful reading of the manuscript and for a greatly tightened Lemma~\ref{lem:Euclid}. The authors would also like to thank the American Institute of Mathematics (AIM). Some of this work was done during a visit to AIM under the SQuaREs program. 1206.0247/AGHL1_5.tex:The authors would like to thank Bj{\o}rn Dundas and Lars Hesseholt for several helpful conversations regarding this project, and the referee for careful reading of the manuscript and for a greatly tightened Lemma~\ref{lem:Euclid}. The authors would also like to thank the American Institute of Mathematics (AIM). Some of this work was done during a visit to AIM under the SQuaREs program. 1206.1551/symmetriccones_arxiv.tex: The authors thank the American Institute of Mathematics for support of our SQuaRE working group on ``Polyhedral Geometry and Partition Theory.'' 1206.1979/counterexample.tex:\textbf{Acknowledgements}: This work was developed during a workshop hosted by the American Institute of Math (AIM). We would like to thank the NSF, ONR, AIM, and the workshop organizers for their generosity. 1206.1979/counterexample.tex:\textbf{Acknowledgements}: This work was developed during a workshop hosted by the American Institute of Math (AIM). We would like to thank the NSF, ONR, AIM, and the workshop organizers for their generosity. 1208.5271/SESUP.tex:P.S.~Fleming, S.R.~Garcia, and G.~Karaali were partially supported by the American Institute of Mathematics (AIM) 1208.5271/SESUP.tex:P.S.~Fleming, S.R.~Garcia, and G.~Karaali were partially supported by the American Institute of Mathematics (AIM) 1209.2449/Brenner-Hochster-Kollar-Problem-09062012.tex:American Institute of Mathematics (AIM) and the Office of Naval Research 1209.2449/Brenner-Hochster-Kollar-Problem-09062012.tex:American Institute of Mathematics (AIM) and the Office of Naval Research 1210.4964/MPSV_5_25_14.tex:\author{Michael J. Hopkins}\author{Kirsten G. Wickelgren}\thanks{The first author is supported in part by the National Science Foundation under DMS-0906194 and by DARPA under HR0011-10-1-0054-DOD35CAP. The second author is supported by an American Institute of Mathematics five year fellowship.} 1210.4964/MPSV_5_25_14.tex:{\bf Acknowledgements} It is a pleasure to thank Bjorn Poonen and Burt Totaro for very useful discussions. Bjorn Poonen sent us \cite{LW_transfer} and work on Theorem \ref{HasseX}. Burt Totaro sent \cite{Berhuy_Favi}, and we thank them both. We also wish to thank Jochen G\"artner for Example \ref{Gartner} and interesting correspondence, J\'an Min\'a\v{c} for interesting correspondence, and Aravind Asok, Jason Starr and all of the participants of AIM workshop {\em Rational curves and $\mathbb{A}^1$-homotopy theory} for discussing this problem with the second author. 1211.0258/revision_for_rama.tex:The authors thank the American Institute of Mathematics for support of our SQuaRE working group on ``Polyhedral Geometry and Partition Theory.'' 1211.0258/revision_for_rama.tex:%We showed at AIM that the cone over $\PP_n^{(\s)}$ for $\s$ a $1\bmod k$ sequence is not Gorenstein for any~$n$, according to our photos. 1211.0258/revision_for_rama.tex:We showed at AIM that the cone over $\PP_n^{(\s)}$ for $\s$ a $1\bmod k$ sequence is not Gorenstein for any~$n$, according to our photos. 1211.4181/evaluation_few_lms_final.tex:%American Institute of Mathematics. 1211.4181/evaluation_few_lms_final.tex:American Institute of Mathematics\\ 1211.5996/highestlowest5a.tex:%American Institute of Mathematics\endgraf 1212.4545/degree34v6b.tex:%American Institute of Mathematics. 1212.4545/degree34v6b.tex:American Institute of Mathematics\endgraf 1212.5161/smooth_neighbors_2.tex:\begin{address}{American Institute of Mathematics\\ 1304.0327/ms-new.tex: $^1$IRFU/SAp CEA/DSM, Laboratoire AIM CNRS - Universit\'e Paris 1304.0327/ms-new.tex:%\altaffiltext{1}{IRFU/SAp CEA/DSM, Laboratoire AIM CNRS - Universit\'e Paris 1304.6141/survey.tex:In addition, we would also like to thank Dietmar Bisch and Yasuyuki Kawahigashi for their support and interest in this project. Furthermore, this work would not be possible without deep foundational work by Alain Connes, Adrian Ocneanu, and Sorin Popa. We are also grateful for the hospitality of several places which hosted us while we were working on this project. In particular, we'd like to thank Dietmar Bisch, the Shanks family, and Vanderbilt for hosting a conference where this work began. We're grateful to Kyoto University, the University of Tokyo, Microsoft Station Q, Canada/USA Mathcamp and the American Institute of Mathematics for hosting. The second and third authors would also like to thank the Jones family for allowing us to use their home in Bodega Bay for a number of `planar algebra programming camps'. 1304.7312/wrapcy.tex:and attendees of the 2009 AIM Conference on Cyclic Homology and 1305.2947/ms2-arXiv-v3.tex:American Institute of Physics, New York, 2013, pp. 297-299; 1306.6714/RandomWeightedGraphs90.tex:\thanks{Portions of this work were completed at REUs at AIM and Williams College; we thank our colleagues there for helpful conversations on earlier drafts. The first named author was partially supported by an NSERC Discovery Grant. The third named author was partially supported by NSF grants DMS0600848 and DMS0970067. The fourth named author was partially supported by NSF grant DMS0850577, Brown University and Williams College.} 1309.4889/aos1128.tex:\bjournal{ESAIM Probab. Stat.} 1309.4889/aos1128.tex:\bjournal{ESAIM Probab. Stat.} 1310.3896/Stoch_Manifold_I_v49.tex:Among the differences with the AIM approach, the PM approach seeks for manifolds which provide modeling error of the evolution of $u_{\c}$ in a {\it mean-square sense}; see {\mkk Proposition ~\ref{lem:PM error} below}. This modeling error is controlled by the product of three terms: the energy of the unresolved modes ({\it i.e.} the unresolved information), the nonlinear effects (associated with the size of the global random attractor), and the quality of the PM. 1310.3896/Stoch_Manifold_I_v49.tex:Among the differences with the AIM approach, the PM approach seeks for manifolds which provide modeling error of the evolution of $u_{\c}$ in {\it mean square sense}, over any finite (sufficiently large) time interval; see Proposition ~\ref{lem:PM error}. This modeling error is controlled by the product of three terms: the energy of the unresolved modes ({\it i.e.} the unknown information), the nonlinear effects (associated with the size of the global random attractor), and the parameterization defect of the stochastic PM employed in the reduction. Interestingly there are cases where parameterization defect can be easily assessed by the theory. For instance, when the trivial steady state is unstable, a stochastic inertial manifold (when it exists) is shown to always constitute a stochastic PM; see Theorem \ref{Prop_IMisPM}. The corresponding parameterization defect $Q$ decays then to zero, 1310.3896/Stoch_Manifold_I_v49.tex:{\mkk Parameterizing manifolds can be also formulated for PDEs, and can be seen as an alternative to the concept of an AIM, where the notion of order of an AIM \cite{DebTem94} is replaced by the notion of parameterization defect, and the distance of a solution to an AIM is considered in a mean-square sense leading to a control of $\int_{0}^T \mathrm{dist}(u(t;u_0), \mathfrak{M})^2 \d t$ instead of $\mathrm{dist}(u(t;u_0), \mathfrak{M})$; see \cite{CLW13} for more details.} 1310.3896/Stoch_Manifold_I_v49.tex:The following theorem identifies conditions under which $\widehat{h}^{(1)}_\lambda$ provides an AIM for a broad class of PDEs. These conditions are subject to the theory of time-analyticity properties of the solutions $u_\lambda(t)$ of the underlying PDE as extended in \cite{Pro91} from the original works \cite{foias1979some,FT89}, that we adapt to our framework; see also \cite{GK03}. Similar time-analyticity arguments for the theory of AIMs were first used in \cite{FMT88}. We first recall some assumptions (adapted to our framework) required in \cite{Pro91} in order to establish this property. 1311.4748/connectivity_final.tex:We would like to thank Bernhard Bodmann, Gitta Kutyniok, and Tim Roemer for organizing the American Institute of Mathematics workshop ``Frame Theory intersects Geometry" where this work began. We also thank the American Institute of Mathematics for their great generosity. J.\ Cahill was supported by NSF Grant No.\ ATD-1321779. D.\ G.\ Mixon was supported by NSF Grant No.\ DMS-1321779. N.\ Strawn was supported by NSF Grant No.\ DMS-10-45153. The views expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not reflect the official policy or position of the United States Air Force, Department of Defense, or the U.S. Government. 1311.6511/intransitive_diceY5.tex:\address{American Institute of Mathematics, 1312.0158/Frames.11.30.tex:{\bf Acknowledgements.} We are very grateful to the conference held at the AIM conference 1312.7147/restrictedpartitions.tex:American Institute of Mathematics, Palo Alto, in March 2012. V.~Baldoni was partially supported by the 1401.2073/ReesHeine_Jan8_arXiv.tex:\address[ELB]{American Institute of Mathematics, 1401.2493/GuessingGames-final.tex:\noindent\textit{American Institute of Mathematics, 360 Portage Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94306 \\ 1403.4198/Chekroun_Liu14_ACTA_Appl_Math_arxiv.tex:The main purpose of this article is to introduce a general {\mk framework \textemdash\, in the continuity but different from the AIM approach \textemdash\,} for the {\mk effective} derivation of {\it suboptimal low-dimensional} solutions to {\mk optimal control problems associated with nonlinear PDE such as \eqref{PDE1intro} given below}. To be more specific, given an ambient Hilbert space, $\mathcal{H}$, the control problems of PDEs we will consider hereafter take the following abstract form: 1403.5808/boundedgaps.tex:This work began at the American Institute of Mathematics workshop on arithmetic statistics over finite fields and function fields. We would like to thank AIM for providing the opportunity for us to work together. 1403.5808/boundedgaps.tex:This work began at the American Institute of Mathematics workshop on arithmetic statistics over finite fields and function fields. We would like to thank AIM for providing the opportunity for us to work together. 1404.0065/SLII.tex:American Institute of Mathematics, Palo Alto, in July 2009, 1404.2957/GAM_index3.tex:\subsection{GAIM estimation} 1404.3874/NGMKFP14a.tex:\textit{ESAIM Probab. Stat.} 1404.7232/aw_Sk_.tex:\footnotetext[2]{American Institute of Mathematics, 360 Portage Ave, Palo Alto, CA 94306, USA (hogben@aimath.org).} 1405.0608/tensor_paper12_09_14PC.tex:\thanks{The authors acknowledge the support of the Simons Institute of Theory of Computing, Berkeley, for hosting them during Fall 2013, where collaboration on this work first began. The authors also thank the American Institute of Mathematics, Palo Alto, for its hospitality. This research is also supported in part by Tetali's NSF grant DMS-1101447.} 1406.1375/Submit.tex:There was even a meeting at the American Institute of Mathematics in November 2005, at which one working group was devoted to exactly this problem. At the time, at least to %the author 1406.2726/tangle0610v2.tex:\title{Disjoint edges in topological graphs\\ and the tangled-thrackle conjecture\thanks{Research on this paper began at the AIM workshop \emph{Exact Crossing Numbers (Palo Alto, CA, 2014)}.}} 1406.5084/Bernardi.tex:at the American Insitute of Mathematics workshop ``Generalizations of chip firing and the critical group'' in July 2013, and we would like to thank AIM as well as the organizers of that conference (L. Levine, J. Martin, D. Perkinson, and J. Propp) for providing a stimulating environment. The first author was supported in part by NSF grant DMS-1201473.} 1406.5084/Bernardi.tex:Combined with (3), this proves that the rotor-routing torsor is also compatible with planar duality (which the first author had conjectured at the 2013 AIM workshop). An independent proof (not going through the Bernardi process) of the compatibility of the rotor-routing torsor with planar duality has recently been given by \cite{Chan-et-al}. 1406.5084/Bernardi.tex:The first author conjectured the analogue of Theorem~\ref{theorem:planar_duality} for the rotor-routing process at an AIM workshop in July 2013. 1406.5084/Bernardi.tex:The first author learned of the results of \cite{CCG} at a 2013 AIM workshop on ``Generalizations of Chip Firing'', and at the same workshop he learned about an interesting family of bijections due to Olivier Bernardi \cite{Bernardi} between spanning trees, root-connected out-degree sequences, and recurrent sandpile configurations. Bernardi's bijections depend on choosing a ribbon structure, a root vertex $v$, and an edge $e$ adjacent to $v$. 1407.8246/main_single.tex:\thanks{This research was performed as part of the AIM SQuaRE program. 1407.8246/main_single.tex:We would like to thank the AIM SQuaRE program for hosting our initial collaboration and also Mr.\ Lan for discussions around the relationship of our work to logistic regression. 1409.3152/constructions-arXiv.tex:The authors thank the American Institute of Mathematics, the Universit\'e de Nantes, the Royal Academies for Science and the Arts of Belgium, and the Banff International Research Station for hosting conferences at which the authors initiated and completed the work discussed in this paper. The authors also thank Matt Hedden for his help in straightening out some references. 1410.0720/GHLPRY_crossnumber.tex:and American Institute of 1410.0720/GHLPRY_crossnumber.tex:This research began at the American Institute of Mathematics workshop Exact Crossing Numbers, and the authors thank AIM. The authors thank Sergey Norin for many helpful conversations during that workshop. This paper was finished while Hogben, Lidick\'y, and Young were general members in residence at the Institute for Mathematics and its Applications, and they thank IMA. The authors also thank NSF for their support of these institutes. The work of Gethner and Pfender is supported in part by their respective 1410.4191/Proptime12.tex:\author{Leslie Hogben\thanks{Department of Mathematics, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA (lhogben@iastate.edu) and American Institute of Mathematics, 360 Portage Ave, Palo Alto, CA 94306, USA (hogben@aimath.org).}, My Huynh\thanks{Department of Mathematics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287 (mthuynh1@asu.edu). Research supported by DMS 0502354 and DMS 0750986.}, Nicole Kingsley\thanks{Department of Mathematics, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA (nkingsle@iastate.edu).}, Sarah Meyer\thanks{Department of Mathematics, Smith College, Northampton, MA 01063, USA (smeyer@smith.edu). Research supported by DMS 0750986.}, Shanise Walker\thanks{Department of Mathematics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA (shanise1@uga.edu). Research supported by DMS 0502354 and DMS 0750986}, Michael Young\thanks{Department of Mathematics, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA (myoung@iastate.edu). Research supported by DMS 0946431.}} 1410.4191/Proptime12.tex:\bibitem{AIM} AIM Minimum Rank -- Special Graphs Work Group 1410.8632/3-Ehrhart-polynomials.tex:American Institute of Mathematics, Palo Alto, in July 2009, 1411.6259/DerivedSurvey9.tex:0968318 and 1160859. We are grateful to the American Institute of 1412.1272/2014_Ronellenfitsch_Needle_PRSI.tex:Turgeon R. 2006 {Phloem Loading: How Leaves Gain Their Independence}. \textit{American Institute of Biological Sciences} 56(1): 15--24. 1412.7480/GRST-weak-transport-HAL.tex: optimal transport problem}, ESAIM Control Optim. Calc. Var. \textbf{17} 1412.7480/GRST-weak-transport-HAL.tex:\thanks{Supported by the grants ANR 2011 BS01 007 01, ANR 10 LABX-58; the last author is supported by the NSF grants DMS 1101447 and 1407657, and is also grateful for the hospitality of Universit\'e Paris Est Marne La Vall\'ee. All authors acknowledge the kind support of the American Institute of Mathematics (AIM, Palo Alto).} 1502.00850/varietiesvia.tex:\address{American Institute of Mathematics\\360 Portage Avenue \\Palo Alto, CA 94306-2244} 1502.00850/varietiesvia.tex:%\thanks{This work was supported by an AIM SQuaRE. Ameya Pitale and Ralf Schmidt are supported by National Science Foundation grant DMS 1100541.} astro-ph_0310509/thompsond.tex:\reference Thompson, D. J. 2001, in High Energy Gamma-Ray Astronomy, American Institute of Physics (AIP) Proceedings, 558, Edited by Felix A. Aharonian and Heinz J. V\"olk. American Institute of Physics, Melville, New York, p. 103-114 astro-ph_0412376/ms.tex:\bibitem[Dingus and Bertsch (2001)]{ding01} Dingus, B. L. and Bertsch, D. L. in {\it Gamma 2001}, American Institute of Physics (AIP) Proceedings, {\bf 587}, Edited by S. Ritz, N. Gehrels, and C. R. Shrader. American Institute of Physics, Melville, New York, p.251-255 (2001). astro-ph_0412376/ms.tex:\bibitem[Thompson (2001)]{thom01} Thompson, D. J., in {\it High Energy Gamma-Ray Astronomy}, American Institute of Physics (AIP) Proceedings, {\bf 558}, Edited by Felix A. Aharonian and Heinz J. Völk. American Institute of Physics, Melville, New York, p.103-114 (2001). Binary file 1306.2133/ThreeCorr5b.tex matches Binary file math_0606360/Borcea-Branden-PLMS-arxiv.tex matches hep-lat_0410048/irgluonprop2004.tex:%% (C) 1998,2000,2001 American Institute of Physics and Frank Mittelbach hep-lat_0610130/Paulo_Silva.tex:% AIP Conference Proceedings 505, American Institute of Physics, New York, hep-lat_0610130/Paulo_Silva.tex:%% (C) 1998,2000,2001 American Institute of Physics and Frank Mittelbach hep-ph_0510387/had05-hep-dts.tex:%% (C) 1998,2000,2001 American Institute of Physics and Frank Mittelbach hep-ph_0510400/had05-hep-mlls.tex:%% (C) 1998,2000,2001 American Institute of Physics and Frank Mittelbach hep-th_0006047/file9.tex:from the American Institute of Mathematics. math_0005300/springere.tex:AIM Preprint, {\it www.aimath.org}, Vol. 2, no 1 (1999) math_0005300/springere.tex:AIM Preprint, {\it www.aimath.org}, Vol. 2, no. 2 (1999) math_0005300/springere.tex: Annals of Math. (to appear). AIM Preprint, {\it www.aimath.org}, Vol. 2, no. 3 (1999) math_0005300/springere.tex:IMRN (to appear), AIM Preprint, {\it www.aimath.org}, Vol. 2, no. 8 (1999) math_0005300/springere.tex: \institute{American Institute of Mathematics and Oklahoma State University} math_0010044/tnf.tex:NSF Grant \# DMS-0072853 and the American Institute of Mathematics.} math_0012043/elliptic.tex: American Institute of Mathematics, math_0102022/convexdecomp.tex:and the American Institute of Mathematics, where part of this paper was written. math_0102022/convexdecomp.tex:\thanks{KH supported by NSF grant DMS-0072853 and the American Institute of Mathematics; math_0111123/GET11-08.tex:{\it Acknowledgements.} The first author thanks the American Institute of math_0111212/Main.tex:A preliminary version of this paper was presented at the First Workshop on $L$-functions and Random Matrices at the American Institute of Mathematics in May, 2001. Thanks to a suggestion of Peter Sarnak during the talk, and encouragement of John Friedlander after the talk, the authors found an alternative method for proving Theorem \ref{Theorem1} which generalizes to the case of $k$-correlations. This new method has its own complications which make it very easy for mistakes to creep into the calculations. Following the conference, the first-named author visited AIM where these problems were solved jointly with Brian Conrey and David Farmer. Farmer has written a program in Mathematica to compute the constants $\mathcal{ C}_k(\mbox{\boldmath$a$})$ and has found that $\mathcal{C}_4(4) = \frac{3}{4}$, $\mathcal{C}_5(5) = \frac{11065}{2^{14}} = .67535\ldots$, and $\mathcal{C}_6(6)= \frac{11460578803}{2^{34}}= .66709\ldots$. The authors would like to thank these individuals and the American Institute of Mathematics. math_0111212/Main.tex:A preliminary version of this paper was presented at the First Workshop on $L$-functions and Random Matrices at the American Institute of Mathematics in May, 2001. Thanks to a suggestion of Peter Sarnak during the talk, and encouragement of John Friedlander after the talk, the authors found an alternative method for proving Theorem \ref{Theorem1} which generalizes to the case of $k$-correlations. This new method has its own complications which make it very easy for mistakes to creep into the calculations. Following the conference, the first-named author visited AIM where these problems were solved jointly with Brian Conrey and David Farmer. Farmer has written a program in Mathematica to compute the constants $\mathcal{ C}_k(\mbox{\boldmath$a$})$ and has found that $\mathcal{C}_4(4) = \frac{3}{4}$, $\mathcal{C}_5(5) = \frac{11065}{2^{14}} = .67535\ldots$, and $\mathcal{C}_6(6)= \frac{11460578803}{2^{34}}= .66709\ldots$. The authors would like to thank these individuals and the American Institute of Mathematics. math_0205310/paper.tex:University and the American Institute of Mathematics during this workshop. The math_0206018/integralmoments2v.tex:American Institute of Mathematics\endgraf math_0206018/integralmoments2v.tex:Research partially supported by the American Institute of math_0207158/0-efficient-new.tex:(AIM)} math_0207158/0-efficient-new.tex:Grayce B. Kerr Foundation, Stanford University and The American Institute of Mathematics math_0207158/0-efficient-new.tex:The Grayce B. Kerr Foundation, The American Institute of Mathematics (AIM), and The Visiting math_0207158/0-efficient-new.tex:The Grayce B. Kerr Foundation, The American Institute of Mathematics (AIM), and The Visiting math_0209102/Kcorr1A.tex:The method we use to prove Theorem \ref{Theorem1} was suggested by Peter Sarnak during a talk given by the first-named author at the First Workshop on $L$-functions and Random Matrices at the American Institute of Mathematics in May 2001, and also suggested by John Friedlander after the talk. Following the conference, the first-named author visited AIM where the method was worked out jointly with Brian Conrey and David Farmer. Farmer has written a program in Mathematica to compute the constants $\mathcal{ C}_k$ and similar types of constants which has aided us in our work. The authors would like to thank these individuals and the American Institute of Mathematics. math_0209102/Kcorr1A.tex:The method we use to prove Theorem \ref{Theorem1} was suggested by Peter Sarnak during a talk given by the first-named author at the First Workshop on $L$-functions and Random Matrices at the American Institute of Mathematics in May 2001, and also suggested by John Friedlander after the talk. Following the conference, the first-named author visited AIM where the method was worked out jointly with Brian Conrey and David Farmer. Farmer has written a program in Mathematica to compute the constants $\mathcal{ C}_k$ and similar types of constants which has aided us in our work. The authors would like to thank these individuals and the American Institute of Mathematics. math_0210124/lknotsT.tex:at the American Institute of Mathematics (AIM). The authors are math_0210124/lknotsT.tex:at the American Institute of Mathematics (AIM). The authors are math_0302214/deformfinal4a.tex:American Institute of Mathematics math_0302214/deformfinal4a.tex:the American Institute of Mathematics . math_0305186/5-30-02.tex:authors visited the American Institute of Mathematics and Stanford University math_0306330/ArxivEtnyre.tex:Stanford University and the American Institute of Mathematics during math_0308182/e69.tex:American Institute of Mathematics conference ``Rational and integral math_0308183/2003-25.tex:grateful to the American Institute of Mathematics at Palo Alto for math_0310252/differentiation.tex:American Institute of Mathematics math_0310252/differentiation.tex:American Institute of Mathematics\endgraf math_0311092/lag5.tex:AIM 2003-14, math.SG/0308183. math_0311092/lag5.tex:of a (Lagrangian) needle, preprint AIM 2002-1, math.SG/0106139. math_0312215/toepCH_SJMarx.tex:\thanks{This work was done at the American Institute for Mathematics math_0402148/coeffzeros.arxiv.tex:also supported by the American Institute of Mathematics. Jes\'us De math_0403530/rook.tex:\address{Mike Develin, American Institute of Mathematics, 360 Portage Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94306-2244, USA} math_0403530/rook.tex:of Minnesota. First author supported by the American Institute of math_0406243/calstein.tex:\author{Frank Calegari\footnote{Supported in part by the American Institute math_0407176/product-of-polygons.tex:American Institute of Mathematics, math_0408411/Orient08-30-04.tex:sign rules in dimension three. We also thank AIM who provided some support during a workshop where math_0411367/wa3.tex:the American Institute of Mathematics in Palo Alto. math_0412083/halfint_finished.tex:1.\ American Institute of Mathematics\\ 360 Portage Avenue\\Palo Alto, CA 94306\\USA\\ \\ math_0412083/halfint_finished.tex:The authors are grateful to AIM and the Isaac Newton Institute for math_0503684/main_a.tex:discussions. We also thank the American Institute of Mathematics for math_0506102/lfunctions1a.tex:American Institute of Mathematics math_0506102/lfunctions1a.tex:American Institute of Mathematics\endgraf math_0509059/elliptic_proceedings.tex:J.B. Conrey\\American Institute of Mathematics\\ 360 Portage math_0509428/snc_arxiv.tex:{J. Brian Conrey \\ American Institute of Mathematics math_0511107/families2b.tex:American Institute of Mathematics math_0511107/families2b.tex:American Institute of Mathematics\endgraf math_0511658/main_a.tex: Our numerous meetings at Stanford University, American Institute of math_0603601/layered-triang-submit.tex:Mathematics (AIM)} math_0603601/layered-triang-submit.tex:The Grayce B. Kerr Foundation, and The American Institute of math_0607815/ELMV1-submit.tex:\begin{Acknowledgements} The present paper is part of a project that began on the occasion of the AIM workshop ``Emerging applications of measure rigidity" on June 2004 in Palo Alto. math_0607815/ELMV1-submit.tex: It is a pleasure to thank the American Institute of Mathematics, math_0608700/Find_Planar-submit.tex:(AIM), and The Lois and Fred Gehring Visitor Chair at University of math_0608700/Find_Planar-submit.tex:The Grayce B. Kerr Foundation, The American Institute of Mathematics math_0610495/triple.tex:\address{American Institute of Mathematics, math_0610495/triple.tex:Research of the first author supported by the American Institute math_0612721/ArxivEinsiedler.tex:Washington were supported by the American Institute of Mathematics and NSF Grant DMS-0222452.} math_0612843/lower_order_terms.tex:1.\ American Institute of Mathematics\\ 360 Portage Avenue\\Palo Alto, CA 94306\\USA\\ \\ math_0612843/lower_order_terms.tex:JPK, MOR, and NCS wish to thank AIM for providing further support and an environment math_0702216/Decomposition_PAMS_final.tex:%in September 2006 the American Institute of Mathematics has hosted a workshop on math_0702216/Decomposition_PAMS_final.tex:We also thank the American Institute of Mathematics for hosting the workshop math_0703510/fixedMar13.tex:R. Speicher thank the American Institute of Mathematics for providing a very inspiring math_9903197/cfs914.tex: American Institute of Mathematics, math_9903197/cfs914.tex:part by the American Institute of Mathematics. math_9910127/2000s11.tex:The author is supported by NSF grant DMS-0072853 and the American Institute of math_9912107/cfks.tex:American Institute of Mathematics, math_9912107/cfks.tex:by the American Institute of Mathematics. math-ph_0110028/mqcm.tex:\address{American Institute of Mathematics, 360 Portage Ave, Palo math-ph_0110028/mqcm.tex:and to Brian Conrey, the director of the American Institute of math-ph_0511024/ratios-Uf.tex:\address{American Institute of Mathematics, Palo Alto, USA} math-ph_0601007/R2lim2d.tex:American Institute of Mathematics and