The shortlist

1
Matrix positivity preservers in fixed dimension. I (pdf) Belton, Alexander; Guillot, Dominique; Khare, Apoorva; Putinar, Mihai Adv. Math. 298 (2016), 325-368 MR3505743   MSC:47B65 (15B48,26C05,62H99,65F15)
2
Ends of the moduli space of Higgs bundles (pdf) Mazzeo, Rafe; Swoboda, Jan; Weiss, Hartmut; Witt, Frederik Duke Math. J. 165 (2016), no. 12, 2227-2271 MR3544281   MSC:53C07
3
Volume and homology growth of aspherical manifolds (pdf) Sauer, Roman Geom. Topol. 20 (2016), no. 2, 1035-1059 MR3493098   MSC:53C23 (20F69,57N65)
4
Knots, BPS states, and algebraic curves (pdf) Garoufalidis, Stavros; Kucharski, Piotr; Sulkowski, Piotr Comm. Math. Phys. 346 (2016), no. 1, 75-113 MR3528417   MSC:57M27 (11B65,14H81,33C90,57R56)
5
Sign conditions for injectivity of generalized polynomial maps with applications to chemical reaction networks and real algebraic geometry (pdf) Müller, Stefan; Feliu, Elisenda; Regensburger, Georg; Conradi, Carsten; Shiu, Anne; Dickenstein, Alicia Found. Comput. Math. 16 (2016), no. 1, 69-97 MR3451424   MSC:92E20 (12D10,34A34,37C10,52C40,80A30)
6
A strong restricted isometry property, with an application to phaseless compressed sensing Voroninski, Vladislav; Xu, Zhiqiang Appl. Comput. Harmon. Anal. 40 (2016), no. 2, 386-395 MR3440178   MSC:94A12
7
On rational connectedness of globally F-regular threefolds (pdf) Gongyo, Yoshinori; Li, Zhiyuan; Patakfalvi, Zsolt; Schwede, Karl; Tanaka, Hiromu; Zong, Runhong Adv. Math. 280 (2015), 47-78 MR3350212   MSC:14E30 (13A35,14D06,14M22)
8
Splitting varieties for triple Massey products (pdf) Hopkins, Michael J.; Wickelgren, Kirsten G. J. Pure Appl. Algebra 219 (2015), no. 5, 1304-1319. MR3299685   MSC:14H10 (11G25,11R29,14H30,55R80)
9
Computation of open Gromov-Witten invariants for toric Calabi-Yau 3-folds by topological recursion, a proof of the BKMP conjecture (pdf) Eynard, B.; Orantin, N. Comm. Math. Phys. 337 (2015), no. 2, 483-567 MR3339157   MSC:14N35 (14J33,53D45,81R05,81R10)
10
Dynamics on free-by-cyclic groups Dowdall, Spencer; Kapovich, Ilya; Leininger, Christopher J. Geom. Topol. 19 (2015), no. 5, 2801-2899 MR3416115   MSC:20F65 (57M20)
11
The regularity problem for second order elliptic operators with complex-valued bounded measurable coefficients (pdf) Hofmann, Steve; Kenig, Carlos; Mayboroda, Svitlana; Pipher, Jill Math. Ann. 361 (2015), no. 3-4, 863-907 MR3319551   MSC:35J25 (35B30,35B65)
12
Cheeger constants and $L^2$-Betti numbers (pdf) Bowen, Lewis Duke Math. J. 164 (2015), no. 3, 569-615 MR3314481   MSC:57S30 (20E26,58J50)
13
Quantum curves for Hitchin fibrations and the Eynard-Orantin theory (pdf) Dumitrescu, Olivia; Mulase, Motohico Lett. Math. Phys. 104 (2014), no. 6, 635-671 MR3200933   MSC:14H15 (14H60,14H81,53D50,81R05)
14
Gaussian beam methods for the Helmholtz equation (pdf) Liu, Hailiang; Ralston, James; Runborg, Olof; Tanushev, Nicolay M. SIAM J. Appl. Math. 74 (2014), no. 3, 771-793 MR3215069   MSC:35J05 (35B45,35Q60)
15
Uniform rectifiability and harmonic measure III: Riesz transform bounds imply uniform rectifiability of boundaries of 1-sided NTA domains (pdf) Hofmann, Steve; Martell, José María; Mayboroda, Svitlana Int. Math. Res. Not. IMRN 2014, no. 10, 2702-2729 MR3214282   MSC:42B25 (31B05,35J08,35J25,42B37)
16
The Brenner-Hochster-Kollár and Whitney problems for vector-valued functions and jets Fefferman, Charles; Luli, Garving K. Rev. Mat. Iberoam. 30 (2014), no. 3, 875-892 MR3254995   MSC:46S30
17
Free energy fluctuations for directed polymers in random media in $1+1$ dimension (pdf) Borodin, Alexei; Corwin, Ivan; Ferrari, Patrik Comm. Pure Appl. Math. 67 (2014), no. 7, 1129-1214 MR3207195   MSC:82D10 (60B20,60H15,60K35,60K37)
18
A case of the dynamical Andre-Oort conjecture (pdf) Ghioca, Dragos; Krieger, Holly; Nguyen, Khoa Int. Math. Res. Not. IMRN 2016, no. 3, 738-758 MR3493432   MSC:37P55 (14H45)
19
Rank-finiteness for modular categories (pdf) Bruillard, Paul; Ng, Siu-Hung; Rowell, Eric C.; Wang, Zhenghan J. Amer. Math. Soc. 29 (2016), no. 3, 857-881 MR3486174   MSC:18D10 (57R56,81R50)
20
The André-Oort conjecture (pdf) Klingler, Bruno; Yafaev, Andrei Ann. of Math. (2) 180 (2014), no. 3, 867-925 MR3245009   MSC:11G18 (14G35)
21
Quantum mock modular forms arising from eta-theta functions (pdf) Folsom, Amanda; Garthwaite, Sharon; Kang, Soon-Yi; Swisher, Holly; Treneer, Stephanie Res. Number Theory 2 (2016), Art. 14, 41 pp MR3534170   MSC:11F27 (33D15)
22
Discriminants in the Grothendieck ring (pdf) Vakil, Ravi; Wood, Melanie Matchett Duke Math. J. 164 (2015), no. 6, 1139-1185 MR3336842   MSC:14C35 (14D06)
23
Modeling the distribution of ranks, Selmer groups, and Shafarevich-Tate groups of elliptic curves (pdf) Bhargava, Manjul; Kane, Daniel M.; Lenstra, Hendrik W., Jr.; Poonen, Bjorn; Rains, Eric Camb. J. Math. 3 (2015), no. 3, 275-321 MR3393023   MSC:11G05 (14G25)